Beta-blockers: Types, Uses and Side Effects (2024)

What are beta-blockers?

Beta-blockers are a class of medicines commonly used to treat a wide range of problems involving your heart and your circulatory system. They also are sometimes used to treat conditions related to your brain and nervous system.

How do they work?

Your body uses a chemical signaling system to control certain processes and functions. This uses specific sites on the surface of your cells, called receptors, where certain chemicals — called neurotransmitters — can latch on.

Receptors work similarly to locks. If a chemical with the right structure latches onto a receptor, it works like a key and activates the cell to respond a certain way. How the cell responds depends on where it is and what it does. If your body needs certain cells to act, it can produce more of the chemical that can activate the cells’ receptors.

Many medications work by artificially affecting that chemical signaling process. Medications that work like this fall into two categories:

• These medications attach to and activate receptor sites. In effect, they pretend to be the right kind of chemical compound and the cell falls for the deception. This can stimulate cells that wouldn’t be active otherwise.
• These medications attach to the receptor sites but don’t do anything else. The effect is similar to breaking a key after inserting it into a lock. The broken part of the key stays in place and blocks another key from entering. Antagonists reduce the number of receptors that are available for activation, which slows down cell activity.

Beta receptors

Adrenergic receptors (sometimes called adrenoceptors) are a key type of receptor found throughout your body. They get their name from adrenaline (also called epinephrine), a neurotransmitter that your body produces naturally. Adrenaline can activate all adrenergic receptors, much like a building master key can open every lock inside that structure.

Beta-blockers are beta receptor antagonists, meaning they block beta-adrenergic receptors and slow down certain types of cell activity.

What do beta receptors control?

Beta receptors come in three different sub-types and have different functions depending on their location.

Beta-1 (B1)

The beta-1 receptors are found mainly in the heart and kidneys. When activated, they do the following:

• Increase your heart rate.
• Increase heart pumping force.
• Activate the release of renin, an enzyme found in your kidneys.

Beta-2 (B2)

The beta-2 receptors are found mainly in smooth muscle tissue. That tissue is in your respiratory system (especially your trachea and bronchial tubes), blood vessels and your nervous system). When activated, these receptors affect various body systems in the following ways:

• Respiratory: Cause smooth muscle to relax so people breathe more easily.
• Blood vessels: Cause smooth muscle to relax and lowers blood pressure.
• Liver: Activate liver’s conversion of glycogen into glucose (which your body uses for energy).
• Heart: Increase pumping force and heart rate.
• Nervous system: Cause muscle tremors.

Beta-3 (B3)

Beta-3 receptors are found mainly in fat cells and in your bladder. When activated, they do the following:

• Cause fat cells to break down.
• Cause relaxation and increase in bladder capacity
• Causes tremors, which limits potential medical applications for B3 receptor-targeted medications.

What conditions are treated by this class of medication?

Because beta-receptors are found in several locations throughout the body, beta-blockers can treat a wide range of problems and conditions.

Beta-blockers are mainly used to treat heart and circulatory conditions, including the following:

• Aortic dissection.
• Arrhythmias.
• Chest pain (angina).
• Coronary artery disease.
• Heart attack.
• Heart failure (especially chronic heart failure).
• High blood pressure (hypertension).
• Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart).
• Migraines (preventive).
• Portal hypertension.

Outside of the heart and circulatory system, they can treat several other conditions:

• Essential tremor
• Glaucoma
• Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)

Types of beta-blockers

Some beta-blockers are only effective on certain beta receptors, a property known as “selectivity.” It’s a key consideration when healthcare providers choose which beta-blocker to prescribe.

Beta-blockers generally fall into two broad categories based on whether or not they are cardioselective, meaning they block just the B1 receptors mainly found in the heart.

*These medications have distinctive or unique properties. Examples of those properties include:

• Carvedilol and labetalol: Both of these can also block some alpha-receptors. This can help lower heart rate and blood pressure even further, making these medications more effective.
• Esmolol: This medication is only available in an IV form, which limits its use to hospitals and similar medical settings.
• Nebivolol: This medication causes blood vessels to expand (the term for this is vasodilation), which can help further lower blood pressure.

Off-label prescribing of beta-blockers

Beta-blockers are sometimes used for “off-label” purposes. This means that they’re prescribed for conditions other than the ones they’re specifically approved to treat.

• An example of this is choosing a similar but unapproved medication to treat a condition over an approved one. This can happen when the approved medication has side effects that the patient should avoid and the alternate medication is safe and likely to help.

Off-label prescribing is a legal practice and is medically acceptable and justified when evidence shows a medication has a low risk of causing harmful side effects and is effective for off-label use.

Common off-label treatment uses of beta-blockers include:

• Migraines (substituting one beta-blocker for another).
• Anxiety (such as stage fright or performance anxiety).
• Reducing tremors (beta-blockers are banned in certain sports because of their performance-enhancing capabilities).

Are beta-blockers commonly prescribed?

Beta-blockers are some of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States, with approximately 30 million adults using a beta-blocker.